Pros & Cons in the international market regarding the emission of methane gas due to excessive irrigations in Pakistani rice.

Rice and its Importance

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation has been reported as one of the major sources of anthropogenic green gas emissions around the world. Moreover, it has been assessed that worldwide rice creation is responsible for 11% of complete anthropogenic methane emissions. Taking into account that methane has a worldwide temperature alteration potential that is around 25 times more powerful, on a mass basis, than carbon dioxide (CO2) in rice production all around the world. Some information has been acquired, but there is substantially more that actually should be learned and perceived concerning methane emission from rice, its effects on environmental change, and potential mitigation techniques.

Rice is grown all over the world on more than 160 million hectares. Delivering every kilogram pack of Basmati rice causes an increase in the environment over a kilogram of carbon dioxide (methane). Alongside some nitrous oxide from the utilization of nitrogen manures. In Britain rice wastage adds up to more than 40,000 tons every year thus what might be compared to around 60,000 tons of ozone-harming substance. The dry season, and flood, are on the whole significant dangers that might be exacerbated by environmental change. Improved water management can give more prominent flexibility to environmental change and fundamentally decrease methane discharges simultaneously

Agriculture is viewed as the foundation of Pakistan’s economy, which depends vigorously on its major crops. There is a huge gap between the gained and potential yield of a crop, which endures because of an absence of fitting innovation, utilization of contribution of inaccessibility of water and land use and insufficient resources.

Methane Emission

Methane emission is influenced by both agricultural practices and natural conditions. Farming includes factors e.g. rice cultivar, irrigation frequency and fertilizer applications. At the point when the fields have irregularly flooded the discharges are 2-4 times lower contrasted with the emission of methane is 2-4 times higher than when nitrogen manures are applied. Additionally, there are well-known precise patterns in these practices.

Management of Methane

Water Management

Water management in the rice fields can essentially be classified into two broad categories: Continuously flooded and intermittently flooded.  In continuous flooding, water is kept in the field for the whole growing season usually by irrigation. Water is drained only before harvest and maybe for fertilizer application in the crop cycle. Intermittent flooding involves mid-season drainage for 7 or more days, and drains before harvest or dry crop when it is well established. Continuous flooding results in a greater seasonal average methane emission than intermittent flooding. Research has verified and validated this observation, but more importantly, research shows the quantified relationship between the emissions under these two water management practices.

Fertilizer Applications

It is a reasonable point that additional organic manures to the rice fields will prompt a more prominent methane emission and adding nitrogen fertilizers will deliver more nitrous oxide. The quantitative connections between the utilization of fertilizers and different components that influence discharge.

two kinds of soil alterations were tested: Nitrogen-based fertilizer as urea, and rice or wheat straw as organic fertilizer. The sums and timing were shifted to decide the impact on methane emission.  After that extra fertilizer was applied at standard rates. Straw is an advantageous type of natural fertilizer. Different types of natural corrections are additionally utilized in the field including muck from biogas pits and manure. Emissiontions are influenced by various sorts of natural manures.

Temperature Effects

As soil temperature expands methane and nitrous oxide discharges are seen to increment too.

Temperature influences every one of the three significant cycles that cause methane discharges from rice fields, in particular creation, oxidation and transport. The rate at which microbes can corrupt natural matter is a chain of a few stages and each progression has a temperature reliance, along these lines causing changeability in the framework. Likewise, methanotrophic microbes that oxidize methane are additionally active by expanding temperature. In any case, since they eliminate methane, their expansion with temperature counters the impact of the greater creation by methanogenic microscopic organisms.

CONCLUSIONS

An overview of the current rice situation indicates that the scenario is much more positive The issue of major concern is the low rice prices in the international market which could have a depressing effect on production in Asia if the situation continues. Although most Asian countries have a close correlation between rural areas and rice production, most countries are operating within the scope of international trade agreements while also providing concrete support to rice prices.

Aftab Hassan¹, Haroon Zaman Khan² , Asif Iqbal³, Muhammad Ashfaq Wahid⁴ and Muhammad Farrukh Saleem⁵