Hydroponics is a method of growing plants without soil, instead using mineral nutrient solutions in a water solvent. This method allows plants to receive the nutrients they need directly from the water they’re immersed in, eliminating the need for soil.
What is Hydroponics?
Hydroponics is a synonym for an approach of uncontaminated cultivation. The phrase “hydroponics” originates from Latin as “working water.” Water assists plant life to flourish without soil by offering it nutrients, moisture, and oxygen. Plants survive in tricky hydroponic conditions, particularly watermelons, jalapenos, and orchids. In comparison with standard techniques of agriculture, hydroponic gardens produce magnificent blossoms and fruit in half the period and with 90% less water consumption.
The gaseous particles are reduced by using energy from the solar system that they absorb. Hydrogen and carbon dioxide react to make carbohydrates, which are used by plants as an alternative source of energy. The equivalent generation of oxygen into the atmosphere is necessary to keep our planet habitable. Plants are capable of producing photons without soil. They depend on the soil to supply them with nutrients and water. After being dissolved in water, micronutrients can be applied directly to the root system of a plant by sprinkling, splattering, or dusting. Recent developments in hydroponic technology indicate that nutrient-rich water contact may be a more effective and flexible method of enhancing creation than watering.
History of Hydroponics System:
The concept of hydroponics dates back to ancient civilizations. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, is believed to have utilized a form of hydroponics. The Aztecs also used hydroponics. They built floating gardens on the surface of lakes, which allowed plant roots to access nutrients from the water below.
The term “hydroponics” was coined in the 1930s by Dr. William Frederick Gericke of the University of California. He demonstrated that agricultural crops could be grown in a solution of water and nutrients, without soil.
In the garden, he cultivated plants for tomatoes that achieved a height of 7.6 meters applying a mineral nourishment slurry. Fortunately, the technology can appear modern and cutting-edge hydroponics having an extensive history that can be attributed to the historic Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Channels that cascaded down the spectacular garden walls originated through the Euphrates River. Marco Polo according to on seeing floating gardens in China in the 13th century. Hydroponics, yet, is far far from being an object of ancient.
Initial known scientific investigations on hydroponics extend back to the 16th century, while Belgian Jan van Helmont took them forth. He claimed that plants obtain nourishment through water. John Woodward established the first hydroponic fertiliser mixture in 1699, elaborating on Jan van Helmont’s previous discoveries, after concluding that the growth of crops was supported by micronutrients present in water being more readily accessible compared to those in soil.
The 20th century saw an explosion of research and developments in every aspect of individual growth. Dr. William F. Gericke of the University of California developed laboratory research into outside-grown practical, commercial crops in the late 1920s. The phrase “hydroponics,” which is derived from the Greek terms hydro, indicating water, and ponos, which means labour or “water-working,” was first used by him. He established the basis for conventional hydroponic economic growth.
Recently, the US Military produced new technologies, the majority of which originated out of require. Another example is Wake Island, a Pacific island that is often utilised as a refuelling point. Traditional cultivation was impossible because of the rocky terrain’s incapacity to sustain growing crops. The US Air Force designed compact hydroponic growing beds of 120 square feet that eventually generated 90 pounds of vegetables that were fresh per week.
How does hydroponics work?
In a hydroponic system, plants are grown in a nutrient-rich water solution instead of soil. The plants’ roots come into direct contact with the nutrient solution, while also having access to oxygen, which is essential for proper growth.
The approach that hydroponic systems operate is by providing consumers complete control over environmental variables like temperature as well as pH balance while simultaneously improving fertilizer and water consumption. The basic concept of hydroponics that to provide plants what they demand at exactly the right time when they desire it. As a plant is raised through hydroponics nutrient solutions particular have been customised for the particular plant are applied. They offer you total authority over how much and how frequently the plants remain exposed to light. It is essential to monitor and regulate pH levels. Plant growth increases rapidly in an environment whose parameters are highly specialised and tightly controlled.
Various threat factors are reduced by maintaining the plant’s surroundings. A broad variety of factors that adversely influence the growth and health of crops occur in greenhouses and fields as plants are grown. Plant disease can be promoted by fungus in the soil. Your vegetable garden could become a focus of creatures like rabbits snatching developing fruits and vegetables. Crops can be damaged in the afternoon by parasites like cockroaches which may tumble upon them.
Hydroponic growing systems have replaced the volatility of growing plants both above and below the ground. The seedlings mature drastically more rapidly when the mechanical obstacle of the soil has been eliminated. Hydroponics generates significantly more nutritious and more effective fruits and vegetables because it does away with pesticides. Crops are free for growth rapidly and vigorously in the absence of impediments.
Essential Components in Hydroponics
- Water: The primary medium used for delivering nutrients to the plant’s roots.
- Nutrient Solution: A mixture of water and essential plant nutrients that are directly absorbed by the roots.
- Air Pump/Air Stones: Used in some hydroponic systems to provide oxygen to the roots.
- Light: Either natural or artificial light is required for photosynthesis.
- Growing Medium: Although soil isn’t used, other mediums like rock wool, perlite, or clay pebbles might be used to support the plant and its root structure.
- Reservoir: A tank or container that holds the nutrient solution.
What is a Hydroponic Planter and Seeds?
A hydroponic planter is a container or system designed to house plants and their roots in a hydroponic setup. It can range from a simple container filled with water and nutrients to a more complex system with pumps, timers, lights, and more.
Hydroponic seeds are no different from regular seeds, but some plants might fare better in a hydroponic setting than others. Some hydroponic gardeners prefer to start with seedlings or plant cuttings, but many plants can be grown from seeds in a hydroponic system.
Types/Models for Hydroponic Systems | Techniques for Use:
There are several types of hydroponic systems, including wick systems, deep water culture (DWC), nutrient film technique (NFT), ebb and flow (flood and drain), aeroponics and drip systems. Each system has its own methods for providing plants with nutrient solutions and oxygen.
Generally speaking, transparent crop cultivation systems may be more resistant to the salt in the solution of water., despite the fact that closed hydroponic systems are more cost-effective than open systems.
Here, five regularly used hydroponic systems—the wick, drip, ebb-flow, water culture, nutrient film, and recently developed window farm model—are discussed.
The wick system:
The simplest type of hydroponic system uses a wick to transport nutrient solution from a reservoir to the plants.
Shrestha and Dunn claim that the wick or passive system, which is self-feeding and doesn’t require a water pump, is an excellent model for cultivating indoor plants.
The wick technique involves using a nylon or fibre material that can absorb and transport water from a reservoir to the roots of plants through capillary action. This method is commonly used in small-scale gardens like private homes or office gardens to provide water or nutrient solutions to blooming plants. It is easy to use and helps prevent overwatering. However, it may not be suitable for larger or more resilient plants that require more water than the wick can provide.
Drip system:
Drip Systems uses a pump to drip nutrient solution onto the plants from above. The drip irrigation technique has been widely used in commercial systems for a long time. A pump in the reservoir delivers water or nutrient solution to each plant or pot, and an electronic timer regulates how much water each plant receives. Depending on how the recycled water or nutrient solution is treated, the drip system is classified into two models: recovery and non-recovery.
The water or nutrient solution is gathered by the recovery system, emptied into the reservoir, and then cycled once again. Although it’s not always a good idea, reusing the solutions might lead to pH fluctuations and the formation of mould or algae in the reservoir or tubing system.
However, it is more cost-effective than the non-recovery technique as a result. Total output of the drip system without recovery. To make sure that enough reaches the plant roots, the reservoir’s volume of water or nutrient solution must be often checked. The system is also more vulnerable to supply interruptions, which can cause plants to get distressed or even die.
Mechanism of ebb and flow:
The Ebb and Flow system works by flooding the root zone with nutrient solution and then draining it back into the reservoir. One of the earliest professional hydroponic systems, also called an ebb and flow mechanism, waters plants consistently and briefly using the robotic overflow and exit hydration approach. The system’s strength a component is the integration of multiple media at the root area.
In the described system, a water or nutrient solution is pumped from a storage container to a raised establishing pan using a water pump. The solution remains in the pan for a predetermined time, providing water and nutrients to the plants. To maintain a controlled water supply, a tube system is used to return the solution back to the reservoir after a specific duration. Constant monitoring is necessary to regulate the water circulation.
This approach is suitable for a wide range of plants and ensures they receive an adequate water supply. It also helps prevent root diseases, algae growth, and mould development. To address sterilization, bespoke ebb-flow systems have been developed. These systems incorporate separating steps or alternative approaches to sterilize the irrigation solution, ensuring a clean and disease-free environment for the plants.
The Methodology of (deep) water production:
In the Deep Water Culture (DWC) system, plants are suspended in a nutrient solution with an air pump providing oxygen to the roots. The water culture system served as the main inspiration for the majority of modified hydroponic systems. A reservoir, an air stone, a tubing system, an air pump, and a floating platform are the basic elements of the water culture system (Hoagland and Arnon, 1950). The deep water culture method, which permits the continuous flotation of roots in water during plant growth, was created as a result of the invention of aeration techniques to retain dissolved oxygen. It actively produces food as opposed to the wick method.
In an aquarium vegetative structures are constantly saturated beneath the water or a solution of nutrients and oxygenation is supplied by an air compressor and oxygen rocks, plants or pots are supported by a floating platform. Salinity, pH, oxygen, and concentrations of nutrients must all be monitored continually to ensure that growth conditions are ideal. The technique does not allow for large or long-term harvests, but all plants, including cucumber and radish, mature efficiently, and algae and moulds can quickly develop in the storage.
Nutrient film technique system (NFT):
In NFT systems, a thin film of nutrient solution is pumped over the roots of plants suspended in a sloping trough. The 1960s noticed the development of the nutrition film technique (NFT) method to solve the problems in the ebb and flow systems. By controlling the flow and depth of water, NFT systems are capable of providing water, nutrients, and oxygen while supporting an atmosphere rich in oxygen. A nutrient solution or water continuously moves around the roots in the system after entering the growth tray with a water pump without a timer. The water volume is controlled by the force of the water flowing through the pump and the slope of the tray, and then the solution is collected and used once more. Due to their persistent exposure to moisture, the roots are regularly buried in water or nutrient solutions, which renders them susceptible to bacterial or fungal infection.
Aeroponics:
In aeroponics, roots are misted with a nutrient solution while being suspended in the air.
Commonly grown Hydroponic crops:
Many types of plants can be grown hydroponically, but some of the most common include:
Here are 20 commonly grown crops in hydroponic systems:
Vegetables:
- Tomatoes
- Lettuce
- Cucumbers
- Bell peppers
- Spinach
- Kale
- Swiss chard
- Arugula
- Basil
- Mint
- Oregano
- Parsley
- Chives
- Radishes
- Strawberries (technically a fruit but often grown hydroponically)
- Green beans
- Peas
- Zucchini
- Eggplant
- Bok ch
Flowers:
- Roses
- Orchids
- Gerbera daisies
- Sunflowers
- Marigolds
- Carnations
- Lilies
- Petunias
- Pansies
- Snapdragons
- Daffodils
- Hydrangeas
- Tulips
- Asters
- Chrysanthemums
- Irises
- Lavender
- Dahlias
- Calla lilies
- Gladioli
These crops can thrive in hydroponic systems, where they receive the necessary nutrients and water directly to their root systems without the need for soil. This method of cultivation can result in faster growth, increased yields, and reduced water usage compared to traditional soil-based farming.
How to Prepare Seeds for Hydroponic Growth:
Before planting seeds in a hydroponic system, they need some special attention:
Germination:
Start seeds in a seed-starting mix-filled seedling tray, rock wool cubes, coconut coir, or other germination media consumption. To promote the germination process keep the development microenvironment damp and warm.
Transplanting:
Seedlings can be transferred to a hydroponic system once they have established their origin and their first set of authentic leaves. Cultivate vulnerable seedlings tenderly so as to avoid wounds.
Nutrient Solution:
Be certain that your hydroponic system’s fertilizer solution has been appropriately modified to accommodate the requirements of the specific vegetation you are producing.
Key Consideration for Seed in Hydroponic System:
Selecting the right seeds is crucial for successful hydroponic gardening. Here are some key considerations.
Variety:
Select plant species that can thrive in hydroponic environments. In hydroponic systems, a wide variety of leafy greens, herbs, and tiny fruiting plants flourish. Strawberries, lettuce, and basil are a few examples.
Seed Quality:
Make sure you begin with premium seeds from reliable vendors. Healthy seeds have a higher likelihood of sprouting and growing into robust plants.
Germination Rates:
Different seeds germinate at different speeds. When organising your hydroponic garden, it’s crucial to take the germination rate into account to guarantee consistent production.
Space and Size:
Take into consideration the hydroponic system’s area. While bigger systems can support more widespread plants, smaller kinds could be more suited for small spaces.
Nutrient Requirements:
The nutritional needs of various plants differ. Know the particular nutritional requirements of the plants you want to cultivate and modify your hydroponic equipment accordingly.
Advantages of Hydroponics System:
The beneficial effects of hydroponic systems over soil cultivation techniques are numerous. Crops may be successfully developed with hydroponics even in regions where the soil is polluted with harmful substances or toxic metals. For the purpose of maximising crop productivity, internal growing systems additionally provide opportunities for adaptation of growth parameters including the environment, flow of water frequency and amount, vitamins and minerals, moisture percentage, and light intensity. Additionally, hydroponic systems enable for year-round growing of plants in a range of locations since they are less vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Further, considering the procedures have been computerized, it’s feasible that they will reduce manpower and other expenditures. Common agricultural practices including cultivating, harvesting, irrigating, and cultivation can be eliminated.
Here are some main advantages of this system
Versatile Crop Cultivation:
Hydroponic systems enable successful crop development even in regions with polluted soil or high levels of toxic metals. This allows for the cultivation of crops in areas where traditional soil-based farming may not be feasible.
Optimal Growth Parameter Control:
Internal growing systems in hydroponics provide opportunities for precise control over growth parameters. Factors such as water flow, nutrient levels, moisture percentage, and light intensity can be customized to maximize crop productivity and adapt to specific plant requirements.
Climate Resilience:
Hydroponic systems are less vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, allowing for year-round cultivation in a variety of locations. By providing a controlled environment, these systems mitigate the risks associated with adverse weather conditions, extending the growing season and ensuring consistent crop production.
Labor Efficiency:
With automation and computerization, hydroponic systems have the potential to reduce the need for manual labour and associated costs. Traditional farming tasks like tilling, cultivating, weeding, watering, and harvesting can be significantly minimized or eliminated.
Sanitation and Disease Control:
Hydroponic systems promote hygienic conditions and offer easier handling of crops and growing media. By eliminating soil, these systems reduce the risk of soil-borne diseases and pests, making it simpler to implement effective sanitation practices.
Efficient Water Usage:
Hydroponic systems optimize water usage by directly delivering water to the root zones, minimizing wastage. Water can be recycled or reused within the system, reducing water consumption and eliminating nutrient runoff. Different types of growing media can be used to regulate water-holding capacity.
Nutrient Management:
Hydroponic systems allow for precise distribution of nutrients, ensuring cost-effective fertilization and simplified pH and nutrient management. This helps prevent nutrient deficiencies or overuse, leading to healthier and more productive crops.
Consistent Crop Quantity and Quality:
Hydroponic systems offer consistent and uniform crop production, resulting in high-quality yields. Crop quantities vary based on the specific plant, but with proper management, hydroponics can achieve predictable and reliable harvests.
Beneficial Bacteria in hydroponic farming:
Numerous illnesses can thrive in hydroponic systems because of the high level of nutrients present. Microorganisms can be conveyed to crops by moving contaminated water through the system, which might lead to the crop’s complete destruction. Even while closed hydroponic systems can lessen the emission of a lot of waste hydroponic solutions, they have a possible risk of accumulating poisonous substances and dangerous plant infections.
In hydroponic systems, these chemical control approaches may also result in a decline in the population of helpful microbes. We and others have investigated how rhizobacteria that promote plant development affect hydroponic systems. The introduction of PGPR has had favourable benefits on plant quality and quantity in both soil-based and hydroponic systems.
Environmental conditions and the supply of fertilisers may impact the microflora in hydroponic systems. Plant pathogens are sometimes present in the microflora, although they are often outnumbered by non-pathogenic organisms. Bacillus species. Additional studies with Bacillus spp. Despite the way in which Bacillus spp.
Drawbacks of hydroponically cultivated crops:
- High construction and constant maintenance expenses for the sources.
- Development of high-nutrient hydroponic waste treatments and waste materials.
- Vulnerability to power outages resulting in issues with water or nutrient delivery and withering.
There are a number of drawbacks to using hydroponic systems, including
- Efficient propagation of plant pathogens via irrigation pipe systems.
- For maximum output, the systems must be managed by professionals.
- Nutrient foundation needs to regulate nutrient levels.
- Abnormal fungus and algae development in nutritional solution.
- Biofilm accumulation in the circulatory system reduces system life and interferes with nutrient intake.
- Hydroponic cultivation techniques are not appropriate for all types of plants.
Conclusion:
Due to their obvious benefits over soil cultures, hydroponic systems have become more popular in both home gardening and agribusiness. Undoubtedly, new technologies will be developed to solve these issues, especially as we learn more about the processes by which beneficial bacteria support plant development and guard against phytopathogen harm.
Abdul Rehman Javed, Ali Haider, Noor Fatima, Hamayoon Nasir.
B.Sc. Agriculture (Agronomy ), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.
